Outline the Inequality Problems That Persist in Terms of Pay for Men and Women.

Wikipedia The Equal Pay Act 1970 is an Act of the United Kingdom Parliament which restricts any less good treatment among people as far as pay and states of business. It was passed by Parliament in the fallout of the 1968 Ford sewing mechanics strike[1][2][3][4] and came into power on 29 December 1975. The term pay is deciphered from a wide perspective to incorporate, on compensation, things like occasions, benefits rights, organization advantages and a few sorts of rewards. The enactment has been altered on various ongoing events to fuse a streamlined methodology under European Union law that is normal to all part states. Equivalent compensation for ladies is an issue with respect to pay imbalance among people. It is regularly brought into local legislative issues in numerous first world nations as a monetary issue that needs administrative mediation by means of guideline. The Equal Remuneration Convention requires its more than 160 states gatherings to have equivalent compensation for people. A report charged by the International Trade Union Confederation in 2008 shows that, in view of their study of 63 nations, there is a critical sex pay hole of 15. 6 %. Barring Bahrain, where a positive hole of 40% is appeared (due potentially to low female investment in paid work), the worldwide figure is 16. 5%. Ladies who are occupied with work in the casual economy have not been remembered for these figures. In general, all through the world, the figures for the sexual orientation pay hole go from 13% to 23%. The report found that ladies are frequently instructed similarly high as men, or to a more elevated level yet â€Å"higher training of ladies doesn't really prompt a littler compensation hole, notwithstanding, at times the hole really increments with the degree of training obtained†. The report additionally contends that this worldwide sex pay hole isn't because of absence of preparing or skill with respect to ladies since â€Å"the pay hole in the European Union part states increments with age, long stretches of administration and education†. [4][5] www. employeebenefits. co. uk/thing/11642/pg_dtl_art†¦/pg_ftr_art †¢Under the Equality Act 2010, businesses can no longer utilize mystery provisos to keep representatives from talking about compensation rates. †¢According to figures from the Office of National Statistics, the middle sex pay hole for all day laborers in the private division is 20. %. †¢Employers can distinguish any compensation hole by means of pay reviews and occupation assessments. †¢Issues making it hard for ladies to get the chance to top employments ought to be handled. Hurray answers; expect you utilize 7 ladies and 7 men, no different age, and you pay them no different compensation for a similar activity.. at tha t point 3 of the ladies reveal to you that they need to leave, to have a youngster.. you need to pay them â€Å"maternity leave† and hold their activity open, on the off chance that they need to return, after they have had their youngster.. t costs you a fortune to utilize 3 others, and the pregnant ladies also.. thus, do you pay them equivalent to a man.. who won't cost you the equivalent regardless of whether their better half gets pregnant.. or on the other hand do you pay the men more, since they won't leave.. or on the other hand do you simply utilize men, and afterward you don't have the issue in any case !! http://www. tuc. organization. uk/uniformity/tuc-14435-f0. pdf Explaining the sex pay hole There have been various examinations that have utilized factual demonstrating procedures to clarify why we have a sexual orientation pay hole. (By and large, spend less of their professions than men in all day occupations, more in low maintenance employments and have more interferences to their vocations for childcare and other family duties. 18 percent is brought about by work showcase rigidities, including sexual orientation isolation and the way that ladies are more probable work for little firms and more averse to work in unionized firms. †¢ 38 percent is brought about by direct segregation and ladies and men’s diverse profession inclinations and intentions (some of which are thusly the consequence of separation). †¢ 8 percent is the aftereffect of the way that more seasoned ladies had more unfortunate instructive accomplishment. Another method of disclosing the holes is to dissect the issue as far as three wide topics: †¢ Under-esteeming of women’s work †¢ A business punishment for moms Gender isolation http://get together. coe. int/records/workingdocs/doc05/edoc10484. htm C. The compe nsation hole 17. There are a few measurements to the issue of the pay hole: First, there is the exemplary instance of a man and a lady doing the very same activity (regardless of whether in a manufacturing plant or on the financial exchange floor), however the lady being saved money on it. This used to be a typical issue, particularly in Western Europe, and numerous nations have prohibited this sort of compensation separation †there even exists an ILO Convention intended to take out it21, going back to 1951, just as a 1975 European Council Directive22. Be that as it may, as a few ongoing examinations close, even this sort of great pay separation continues in numerous nations, which provoked the European Commission to give a (non-official) â€Å"Code of Practice on the execution of equivalent compensation for work of equivalent estimation of ladies and men† as of late as 199623. For instance, an Eurostat investigation of 2003 indicated that the normal profit of ladies in all day work in the EU (around then, of 15 part states) remained at just 70-90% of those of men. Also, the 2004 UNIFEM study I referenced in the past section shows that the yearly normal profit of ladies in the year 2000 remained at 73. 28% of men’s in the Czech Republic, 79. 96% in Poland, 75. 01% in Slovakia and 88. 82% in Slovenia24. 18. Second, ladies are frequently paid not as much as men for work of equivalent worth. This kind of separation is generally founded on â€Å"horizontal word related isolation by sex†. For instance, the degree of training and experience required to work in a specific activity may be the equivalent, yet ladies are saved money (e. . escorts/cab drivers are generally paid more than cleaners or receptionists). In certain nations, wage levels have gone down in specific callings when an ever increasing number of ladies enter them (for instance, specialists and educators in Central and Eastern Europe). 2002 information refered to by Mrs Leitao identifying with the normal pay of ladies working all day contrasted and that of men in similar c onditions show that, in the 18 nations secured by an ongoing European overview, the normal distinction, to ladies' drawback, is till around 20%, with wage separation in the exacting sense being assessed at 15%25. Different other global investigations have demonstrated that around 33% of the female-male compensation differential is because of word related isolation by sex, and that around 10 to 30% of the sexual orientation pay hole remains â€Å"unexplained† †I. e. due to discrimination26. 19. In the Central and Eastern European nations, certain callings have â€Å"gained† the implication of being feminized as these callings (the previously mentioned instructors, medical attendants and so forth are ruled by ladies. In any case, even these callings are exceptionally isolated †in spite of the fact that ladies represent over 70% everything being equal, there is relatively a bigger number of men school chiefs. This is all the time the consequence of a â€Å"reve rse action†, when the requirement for additional men in the calling is felt, and therefore their compensation rise and advancement is quicker. At the point when we contrast it with the circumstance in legislative issues, where there are a greater number of men than ladies, the general public doesn't feel any comparative need. 20. By and large, than men in the course of their life (and hence get littler annuities when they resign). Notwithstanding the two components referenced above, there are a few other potential clarifications for this wonder: Women work less during their lifetime (figuring times of maternity leave and low maintenance work) †and ladies have to a lesser extent a profession, as they are frequently victimized with regards to advancements to higher-gaining posts27: this is generally called â€Å"vertical word related isolation by sex†. As the ILO brings up: â€Å"Women’s lower instructive fulfillments and discontinuous vocation ways are not, in spite of customary conviction, the fundamental explanation behind sexual orientation differentials in pay. Different variables, for example, word related isolation, one-sided pay structures and employment characterization frameworks, and decentralized or feeble aggregate bartering, have all the earmarks of being increasingly significant determinants of disparities in pay. †28 21. Aside from women’s lower benefits, it is critical to see the tight interrelation of female length of life and feminization of destitution: since ladies live more, for some time of their life, they share their annuity with their accomplice; notwithstanding, when he passes on, they are left to live on their benefits which is generally much settle for what is most convenient option. One model associated with women’s benefits is annuity protection †as ladies live more and despite the fact that they by and large acquire less, to achieve a last entirety like men they are required to pay higher aggregates for their month to month benefits protection. 2. Besides, financial downturns frequently influence ladies more than men most definitely (numerous organizations lamentably still accept that it is increasingly essential to keep a male â€Å"breadwinner† in business), and women’s needs or the assurance to continue working along these lines drives them to ackno wledge levels of pay not consonant with the standards of equity and reasonableness or discourages them from announcing instances of separation because of a paranoid fear of losing their positions. This is the reason, as Mrs Leitao effectively

The Food (Grocery) Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 11

The Food (Grocery) Industry - Essay Example From this paper obviously there is a wide spread financial downturn that requires investigation of outside variables influencing organizations the same number of them are shutting down because of this. As an administration specialist, I will help the United Kingdom’s basic food item industry to asses its present seriousness and its full scale natural position in order to have the option to help with settling on choice about the potential methodologies to be applied in future A ton of organizations are wandering in UK basic food item industry, in the year 2001, the quantity of goods was high and their employable normal worth was assessed to be Around 103.4 billion pounds. The food business has become the center undertaking of numerous general stores and use on food stuff in the UK; this development has been consistent since 1990. Experts have found out that the food business could be the main business that is passive verification. None the less, the non food articles are answer able for the expanding share.According to the investigation the market particularly the basic food item industry is driven by enormous grocery stores and goods to be specific ASDA, Safeway, Tesco and Sainsbury. Waitrose is one of the main staple goods in the United Kingdom. It has demonstrated significant development notwithstanding the monetary downturn that been influencing the business since the year 2001. The business has been doing fine with Waitrose working 137 stores, Tesco works 146 stores, ASDA works more than 100 stores over UK and the pattern is the equivalent for different organizations including Safeway and others. The PPG has made it hard to access away authorization for arranging. This has really risked the procedures by a portion of the organizations which needed to open new food and home super-focuses.

Best Practices for Writing a Sales Script

Best Practices for Writing a Sales Script One of the most important aspects of any business is Sales. Besides manufacturing, finances, marketing and hiring, a lot of the company’s success and profits depend upon its ability to make sales. Most businesses, big or small are dependent on their salespersons to boost the sales, and one way to do so is by drafting excellent sales scripts. A sales script is a documented sequence of things that a sales representative says to a prospect during a sales call. © Shutterstock.com | Yuganov KonstantinIn this article, we shall learn 1) everything you need to know about a sales script and 2) best practices for writing sales skripts.SALES SCRIPT: EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOWHave you ever answered a Sales call from a local service provider and paid attention to the things the sales representative had to say? Did the content seem scripted or was it a natural flow about the products and services being offered by the company? Well, a sales script is a pre-written and practiced script that sales representatives use to sell a product to prospects. It is a well-organized method and a documented content piece which enables them to make a smooth and error-free sales call in the endeavor to make sales. To convince someone to buy a product is not easy  at all since not everyone possesses the natural art of convincing people, and this is where a sales script proves useful. What it does is that it provides a step-by-step guide to sales representatives so th at they do not hesitate, go blank or make mistakes while talking to a potential customer.Most businesses, whether it is yours or mine, make use of sales scripts, but not all sales scripts are strong or effective enough to convince the prospect about the product, brand or services it offers. Having a sales script alone isn’t enough. It should be framed or written in such a way that it not only speaks about the product effectively but also infuses a sense of interest in the listeners. Moreover, the way the sales script is read or said also has a huge impact on its success. A well-crafted sales script is one which has a strong introduction, an informative body, and an effective closing.How a sales script can help improve your sales?A sales script is not only helpful or important for your sales representative to make a smooth sales pitch but is something that has a much bigger benefit. A well written and excellently executed sales script can actually help improve your overall sales. T he better the sales script will be, the more will the potential customers be convinced to buy the product or service, hence positively impacting the sales figures. The following are some ways in which a sales script can boost sales:Sales skipt can improve how you sound: With a well crafted and well-practiced sales script, you tend to sound more prepared and confident which has a huge impact on how your customer perceives you. Anyone who doesn’t have a script in hand may sound less confident, hesitant and may not be able to act on the spur of the moment. He/she may not sound as good as one who knows what he/she is going to say next and does it with a positive vibe. But the key to sounding good and not mechanical with a script in hand is to add your personality into it and a certain energy level.Sales skript can leave a better impression about your company and product: By improving the way you sound, a sales script betters the overall impression made on the prospects. Since with a s cript in hand, you can be more prepared, what you say sounds more polished and confident which immediately has an impact on the impression you are projecting. The more impressed the prospect will be with you and what you are offering, the higher will be the chances of making sales, thus helping in improving the overall sales figures.Skripts help you build rapport: When you have a sales script in hand which makes you totally confident and convinced, this helps to focus on developing a rapport with the potential buyers or clients. A prospect definitely has more respect and tolerance for someone who is good at his craft and forces. This in turn helps them to feel more comfortable while talking to you.Sales skripts help you reduce stress: When you are making a sales call that you know is really important, there can be high levels of stress and anxiety. This happens more in the case when you are unprepared and are relying on a spontaneous conversation. Being prepared and ready is thus th e key to reduce stress. And what is the better way to do this than by having a Sales Script ready? Sales scripts help you gain confidence and work calm and confident even in the case when the prospect shows tough resistance. If you already know how you are going to deal with each of the possible questions asked, then the stress levels are greatly reduced. Low stress has a better overall result and can definitely lead to more success.Sales skripts improve lead generation: Having a well-crafted and properly practiced sales script is not just helpful in building a rapport or leaving a good impression but also in improving lead generation. An effective sales call is more likely to generate more customer interest that in turn makes them sign up, enquire about a product, visit your website or leave in their contact details. Thus, the overall lead generation is improved, thus leading to more sales opportunities.More effective than not having one: A good sales script is not just about the p roper description of your brand or products but is about asking the prospects the right questions. Asking the right questions at the right time will better the overall communication and interaction that you have with them, and this will improve your effectiveness and productivity. Having a sales script improves consistency across sales team members, which has a good impact on the end results as well.BEST PRACTICES FOR WRITING A SALES SCRIPTNow that you know what a sales script is and how beneficial it is, it is time to know how to frame a very useful sales skript which not only sounds convincing but has all the ingredients that can boost the probability of closing a deal. An excellent sales script is an amalgamation of several ingredients clubbed together in the right quantities. But what are these ingredients and how should they be used? Well, the following given practices for writing a sales script will answer all these questions and more. So read on to find out:Pracitce #1.     A void asking too general questionsAbout 80% of sales calls start with an uncomfortable ‘Hi, How are you?’ While it is true that saying this opening sentence may come out of the natural instinct, but it is something that must be avoided. Not only does this sound extremely unsincere but takes away the chance of beginning with a better opening. This question almost always has the same response and could irritate a prospect who may be extremely busy at the moment you call them. Thus, such general questions are just a waste of time not only for you but also for your prospect. It breaks the rapport and rather has a negative and opposite impact to what you intend. It is rather better to start off with a strong line that immediately captures the interest of the prospect.Practice #2.     Ask for a few minutes of attentionThere is a high probability that your prospect may be mildly or very busy at the time you call him/her. It won’t be right to fire away with your sales script or pitch a s soon as they answer the call. It is both a matter of good manners as well as a conscious tactic to make sure the prospect has a few minutes to spare and is not extremely busy at the moment. Also, if the prospect’s attention is half divided, you won’t be able  anyway to fulfill the purpose you are meant to with your sales script.Practice #3.     Build interestAnother superb practice that is essential to writing and delivering a sales script is to build an initial interest. The sales script must not only deliver extremely useful and informative content about the products, services and brands but must do so in a way which leaves an element of intrigue and interest in the minds of the prospects. The interest level created must be close enough to the commitment that the prospect will proceed onto the next level in closing the deal.One of the best ways to build this interest is to give only the most attractive hints about the product and not the entire detail set of the features and functionality. The aim must be to focus on the value that the product or service is capable of offering. Try to paint a picture that matches the customer’s expectation of the product.Practice #4.     Learn from your customers when they talkIf it is only you who keeps doing all the talking during the sales call, then there will be no way to know what is on the mind of the prospect. This will not enable your potential buyers to divulge any information about them, their preferences, their choices and other things that matter. Thus, it is a good idea to get the customers talking by including smart and useful questions. The sales script must include a series of well-planned questions that will help you qualify or dis-qualify the prospects.Asking questions is a good way to have a two-way conversation that is engaging and useful to you. Some questions that you can include in your script are:Their budget;Reasons they will purchase;Reasons they will not purchase;How many people are involv ed in the decision-making process;What the decision-making process is all about.Knowing the answers to these questions will avoid pursuing a prospect who will definitely not buy and otherwise. Hence, it will lead to time and money  saving for your company.Practice #5.     Find a way to set yourself as a specialist or expertIf the prospective customers or potential buyers see you as an expert or specialist of your field, then he/she will automatically have more respect for you and will take you more serious. Thus in order to gain customer attention and make yourself be heard, it is important to set yourself as an expert by making use of phrases like ‘we are popular for’, ‘we specialize in’ or ‘customers across the world know us for’, and so on. You can also mention the name of some strong clients who are using your services so that the prospect can view you clearly and place you correctly. This not only helps the prospect know that you are familiar with what you do but wi ll also enable them to know that they are not dealing with someone who cannot be trusted.Practice #6.     Describe your product and its benefits authenticallyChances are high that your prospects may have attended a lot of sales calls, and they may be familiar with the way salespersons talk and to what lengths they go to sell products. You cannot take the risk of sounding like ‘one among the many’ salespersons out there, and the key here is to avoid sounding like one. When you sound like a typical salesperson who is only concerned with making sales then this may put off the prospect but on the other hand, if you bring in your personality to describe the product’s benefits and are less ’formal’ about it, then you may just hit the right chord with the prospects. Don’t be cold and superficial but be warmer, interested in what the prospect has to say and offer them a customized approach or solution.Practice #7.     Speak in the language of your prospectDo you want to attend a sales call and hear only technical terms that may be difficult for you to understand? Well, no prospect or customer is interested in hard to understand terms and descriptions about products or services. This is why, your sales script must be drafted using the most simple and plain language, put across at the right degree of casualness. A sales call is more about communication and interaction that is only possible if you speak in the language of the other person on the line. Adapt the sales script for the consumer you are speaking to and try to explain the product benefits very easy for the one you are talking to. The approach has to be authentic and personal, using terms like ‘this product can do this for you’, etc. The script must flow, and room must be left for it to be maneuvered depending on who you are talking to. Be prepared to change it here and there if needed and do not get stuck with the same message for each prospect.Practice #8.      Give your potential customer ti me to process the informationIf you keep speaking during the whole sales call and do not giving your prospect any time to process the information or consider whether or not he/she needs your products or services, then the entire purpose of the call will be unfulfilled. This is why it is important to draft the script in such a way that the potential customers have enough time to consider the choices and formulate their opinion. The script must have well-spaced sentences and vacant moments. It is important not to go too fast as most consumers who aren’t able to understand you are likely to hang the call in between.Practice #9.     Commit to continueThere must be a part in your sales script that focuses on the concept of C2C or Commit to Continue. Not leaving a way for your prospects to contact you back or not making an exact appointment with them to reach back again is one of the biggest mistakes sales representatives make. Rather than trying to sell the product here and now, try to set up a meeting, the next sales call or an appointment that will result in closing the deal. This is an effective way to ensure that your conversation isn’t too lengthy and that you bag a more effective way to talk about your product or give its trial.

Rochester s Radical Gender Roles - 1249 Words

Rochester’s Radical Gender Roles Many poets and authors of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries used their respective mediums to broach what were then considered to be taboo or radical subjects. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word ‘radical’ as â€Å"supporting complete political or social reform. Departing from tradition; new† (Soanes 740). When using this definition, both Aphra Behn’s work, â€Å"The Disappointment† and John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester’s work, â€Å"The Imperfect Enjoyment† are easily interpreted as such. Both poems discuss sexuality and gender in new, sometimes shocking ways. Behn’s poem offers astoundingly liberal views on female sexuality, considering the time period. Despite the radical notions and expletives present, Rochester’s pushes the envelope further by exploring the extremely private issue of impotence and male sexual failure, using highly offensive language. In the year â€Å"The Disappointment† was written, traditional gender roles were still very important to society and generally adhered to. This means that men were expected not only to be ‘manly’, but to maintain a certain air of dignity and composure at all times, especially in front of women. For this reason, Rochester’s blatant disregard for social conventions in his brutally honest depiction of erectile dysfunction is simultaneously revolutionary and scandalous. To portray a male in a less-than-flattering light undermines the stereotypes society tried so hard to uphold and represents aShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1714 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brà ¶nte voiced the radical opinions of Brà ¶nte on religion, gender, and social class. Jane Eyre, a young orphan who lived with her vituperative aunt and cousins, strayed away from the Victorian ideals of a woman and established a new status for herself. 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Relationship between Reducing Stress and Upbeat Music

Relationship between reducing stress and upbeat (Pop) music This study examined the relationship between reducing stress and listening to upbeat (Pop) music. It was hypothesized that listening to upbeat (Pop) music would reduce stress and elicit happiness in the 420 female participants. Method Participants Four hundred and twenty women, ages 19 to 40 participated in the experiment. Women were selected as the primary participants for this study because when it comes to emotional display, they are often said to express more â€Å"powerless emotions (sadness, fear) and happiness more than men† (Safdar, Friedlmeier, Matsumoto, Yoo, Kwantes, Kakai, Shigemasu 2009.) The experiment was designed for people with at least a junior high school education, of any income, and ethnicity. 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Information processing views the mind as a complex symbol manipulation system, much like

Derived Classes and Base Classes Free Essays

Derived Classes and Base Classes Mario Padilla IT/218 September 2, 2011 University of Phoenix/Axia College Derived Classes and Base Classes Considering that the ostrich is a flightless bird, it is reasonable to derive a class CHawk from CBird, but not a COstrich. This is mainly because the function fly () sets an altitude of 100 and, as everyone knows, the ostrich cannot fly. If we had to derive COstrich from CBird probably need to provide a function fly () to return 0, and this could break existing code, which sets the altitude to 100. We will write a custom essay sample on Derived Classes and Base Classes or any similar topic only for you Order Now This could be a derivation of a class avian; class CAvian { protected: int wingSpan; nt eggSize; }; class CFlyingBird : public CAvian { protected: int airSpeed; int altitude; public: virtual void fly() { altitude = 100; } }; class CFlightlessBird : public CAvian { // Arguments involving flightless birds }; class CHawk: public CFlyingBird { }; class COstrich : public CFlightlessBird { }; One of the main properties of the classes is inheritance. This property allows us to create new classes from existing classes, retaining the properties of the original class and adding new ones. Each new class obtained through inheritance is known as derived class, and classes from which it derives are called base classes. In addition, each derived class can be used as a base class for a new derived class. And each derived class can be one or more base classes. In the latter case are referred to bypass manifold. This allows us to create a class hierarchy as complex as necessary. Well, but what are the advantages derived classes? Actually, that’s the principle of object oriented programming. This property allows us to encapsulate different parts of any real or imaginary object, and links to objects made of the same basic type, will inherit all its features. How to cite Derived Classes and Base Classes, Papers

Genetically Modified Organism free essay sample

A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using techniques in genetics generally known as recombinant DNA technology. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals are all examples of organisms that have been engineered so that they contain genes from at least on unrelated organism. To create a genetically modified organism a molecule from a different source are combined into another molecule to create a new set of genes. One example of a genetically modified organism is the monkey named ANDi created in 2000. He carries the gene for a green fluorescent protein derived from Jellyfish called the GFP gene. What are three current uses of these organisms? Genetically modified organisms are mostly known for uses in agriculture and crops but are also used for pharmaceutical uses, and in biological and medical research. GMO’s are used in crops such as corn because they have been modified in a way that they have somewhat become pest resistant and herbicide tolerant. We will write a custom essay sample on Genetically Modified Organism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In making our crops pest resistant there are less crop losses and it also helps in elimination of having to apply chemical pesticides. Crops that contain GMO’s can also be engineered to be resistant to certain herbicides with helps in preventing environmental damage by reducing the amount of herbicides needed. As far as GMO’s in pharmaceuticals and medical research, we are now able to clone the genes necessary to create insulin whereas we used to have to harvest it from the pancreas of killed animals. They are also in the process of developing edible vaccines in tomatoes and potatoes to make medicines and vaccines easier to ship, store, administer, and to make them cost less. Scientists have also created a GMO (lactase) that is added to dairy products so consumers that are lactose intolerant can still enjoy those items. What types of genetic modifications could we support and why? Genetic modifications that could be supported are in agriculture and medicine. If GMO’s in agriculture became better supported, famers would be able to create more crops that are better pest resistant. Creating more pest resistant crops would help ensure that consumers don’t consume pesticides and that run-off of agricultural wastes from excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers don’t poison water supply or cause harm to the environment. Some crops could also be modified so they are resistant to certain herbicides. This will help prevent environmental damage by reducing the amount of herbicides needed. There is also research that genetically modifying seedlings with an antifreeze gene from cold-water fish will make the seedlings more tolerant to cold temperatures. Nutrition has become a large concern in today’s world, especially third world companies. Supporting genetic modifications of certain seeds and plants can help Malnutrition. Farmers won’t have to rely on only one crop to feed a village or family and with medical advances they are working on finding a way to make beans and rice engineered to contain addition vitamins and minerals to alleviate nutrient deficiencies. With research and GMO’s in medicine we have been able to make discoveries that can help illnesses that people are diagnosed with everyday such as diabetes (creating insulin) and lactose intolerant (created lactase enzyme). Making these advances helps alleviate medical issues and can help scientists in getting closer to finding cures for larger diseases and medical issues such as cancer and AIDS. In sum, GMO has made it possible for researchers and scientists to find ways to make foods such as turnips to produce an antiviral agent, for tobacco to create antibodies that help fight against human disease, to make crops more productive and environmentally friendly, and ways to create enzymes and medicines to help cure people. What types could be reduced or eliminated and why? There is big controversy and criticism against GMO’s and if they should be allowed. One of the big ones is should cloning of animals and humans be allowed? Cloning of animals/humans means one will become genetically altered. As mentioned above the monkey ANDi is a GMO that contains a gene from a jellyfish. Although scientists have done this there is much more research that needs to be done on the benefits and safety of cloning. Much of what is done is trial and error. When it comes to someone or something’s life the subject shouldn’t be taken so lightly. There is also the controversy on should we eat genetically modified animals that were cloned for our consumption. Until there is more research and evidence that shows the safety of eating a cloned animal or drinking cloned cows milk, it is best to stay away. Who knows if the hormones given to the cows will pass through and affect humans!

How Law and Ethics Intertwine free essay sample

Law you can look into law and by different people the definition is voiced differently put law into a form it is rules made up were accidents and catastrophes of all kids are happening is where the rules come from that which everyone must obeyed and followed by citizens, subject to sanctions or legal consequences; the body of rules of actions or conduct prescribed by the controlling government and having binding legal force. Ethics the set of moral principles of values the conduct of an individual or a group. Ethics as for as everyday value in someone their life styles their careers the way you were raised. You conduct yourself in public with good moral ethics. And here are your ethics lows shall we call it. There are support to be your ethics for living and the rules of laws you obey then the ethics and law for business. The rule of law and the rule of ethics and the business ethics and laws sometimes demand the same response by a person or a group confronted with a problem or problems. We will write a custom essay sample on How Law and Ethics Intertwine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Your business ethics re ones that intertwine with the law more so than any. Your business or some of the people let the power become grid and they use bad judgment about things and do things that are not ethical and break the law. Like with the pyramid schemes there were so many ethics rules and laws broken. Like the trust people put in the investor with their money and their family and friends that loses their lifesaving to them. When the investor and their parties are caught they are charged with ethics and laws that was broking. And if found guilty there is the chance of prison time the money they have to pay back the loss of their family. With the business ethics every business organized in the United States and businesses that come in the United states and our business that go to others countries have to go by and follow their ethics and laws of their lands. In addition business persons owe to act ethically in all their conducts in their affairs along with their business affairs. They owe society a social responsibility not to harm our society are the environment. Much of the law is based on ethical standards and not all of ethical standards are enacted as law. Example: Samara Brothers Inc. sued Wal-Mart for selling knock offs. Wal-Mart bought from a retailer the Samara lines of children’s clothes from a retailer to sell in their stores after getting the Samara line of clothes Wal-Mart took pictures of the children’s clothes they were selling and sent them to JPI (with the name â€Å"Samara’s children’s† readily discernible on the labels of the clothing.) and told JPI to produce children’s clothes to look just like the ones in the pictures from the designs, colors, and patterns, of Samara’s clothing. Wal-Mart them sold this line of clothing for children in their stores, making a large amount of profit in one season of selling. Samara Brothers won their law suit and was reward a fair amount in damages. Though Wal-Mart appealed the court’s ruling to the United States Supreme Courts the highest courts in the United States. Wal-Mart was wrong for the fraud that they did to Samara’s in the business ethics and the ethics of law.

Prostitution Statistics and Rape

Prostitution Statistics and Rape For women who are prostitutes, rape is every bit as traumatic as it is for women who are not sex workers. It may even be more painful, as the act reopens old wounds and buried memories of unbearable abuse. In fact, prostitutes demonstrate many of the same characteristics as soldiers returning from the battlefield. In the 1990s, researchers Melissa Farley and Howard Barkan conducted a study on prostitution, violence against women and post-traumatic stress disorder, interviewing 130 San Francisco prostitutes. Their findings indicate assault and rape are all too commonplace: Eighty-two percent of these respondents reported having been physically assaulted since entering prostitution. Of those who had been physically assaulted, 55% had been assaulted by customers. Eighty-eight percent had been physically threatened while in prostitution, and 83% had been physically threatened with a weapon....Sixty-eight percent...reported having been raped since entering prostitution. Forty-eight percent had been raped more than five times. Forty-six percent of those who reported rapes stated that they had been raped by customers. Painful Past As the researchers note, other studies have proven again and again that most women who work as prostitutes have been physically or sexually abused as children. Farley and Barkan’s findings not only confirm this fact but also highlight that for some, abuse begins so early that the child is not able to comprehend what is happening to her: Fifty-seven percent reported a history of childhood sexual abuse, by an average of 3 perpetrators. Forty-nine percent of those who responded reported that as children, they had been hit or beaten by a caregiver until they had bruises or were injured in some way...Many seemed profoundly uncertain as to just what abuse is. When asked why she answered no to the question regarding childhood sexual abuse, one woman whose history was known to one of the interviewers said: Because there was no force, and, besides, I didnt even know what it was then - I didnt know it was sex. Unfair Game Writing in the Criminal Practice Law Report, Dr. Phyllis Chesler, Emerita Professor of Psychology and Womens Studies at City University of New York, describes the violence that permeates the life of a prostitute and why it’s rare for her to report a rape: Prostituted women have long been considered fair game for sexual harassment, rape, gang-rape, kinky sex, robbery, and beatings....A 1991 study by the Council for Prostitution Alternatives, in Portland, Oregon, documented that 78 percent of 55 prostituted women reported being raped an average of 16 times annually by their pimps and 33 times a year by johns. Twelve rape complaints were made in the criminal justice system and neither pimps nor johns were ever convicted. These prostitutes also reported being horribly beaten by their pimps an average of 58 times a year. The frequency of beatings...by johns ranged from I to 400 times a year. Legal action was pursued in 13 cases, resulting in 2 convictions for aggravated assault. The 1990 Florida Supreme Court Gender Bias Report states that prostitution is not a victimless crime... Prostitute rape is rarely reported, investigated, prosecuted or taken seriously. Serial Killer...or Self Defense? Chesler cites these statistics as she reviews the 1992 trial of Aileen Wuornos, a woman who the media dubbed the first female serial killer. A prostitute accused of killing five men in Florida, Wuornos crimes - as Chesler argues - were mitigated by her past history and the situation surrounding her first murder, committed in self-defense. Wuornos, a seriously abused child and a serially raped and beaten teenage and adult prostitute, has been under attack all her life, probably more than any soldier in any real war. In my opinion, Wuornoss testimony in the first trial was both moving and credible as she described being verbally threatened, tied up, and then brutally raped...by Richard Mallory. According to Wuornos, she agreed to have sex for money with Mallory on the night of November 30, 1989. Mallory, who was intoxicated and stoned, suddenly turned vicious. What Lies Beneath Chesler states that the jury was denied an important tool in understanding the mindset of Aileen Wuornos - the testimony of expert witnesses. Among those who had agreed to testify on her behalf was a psychologist, a psychiatrist, experts in prostitution and violence against prostitutes, experts in child abuse, battery, and rape trauma syndrome. Chesler indicates their testimony was necessary ...to educate the jury about the routine and horrendous sexual, physical, and psychological violence against prostituted women...the long-term consequences of extreme trauma, and a womans right to self-defense. Given how often prostituted women are raped, gang raped, beaten, robbed, tortured, and killed, Wuornoss claim that she killed Richard Mallory in self-defense is at least plausible. History of Violence As is often the case with rape and assault, the perpetrator never commits the crime just once. Wuornoss rapist had a history of sexual violence against women; Richard Mallory had been incarcerated in Maryland for many years as a sex offender. Yet, as Chesler explains: ...the jury never got to hear any evidence about Mallorys history of violence toward prostitutes, or about violence toward prostitutes in general, which might have helped them evaluate Wuornoss much-derided claim of self-defense. Final Sentence As Chesler notes, the jury of five men and seven women deliberating Wuornos fate took only 91 minutes to find her guilty and 108 minutes to recommend she be given the death penalty for the murder of ex-convict Richard Mallory. Aileen Carol Wuornos was executed by lethal injection on October 9, 2002. Sources Chesler, Phyllis. Sexual Violence Against Women and a Womans Right to Self-Defense: The Case of Aileen Carol Wuornos. Criminal Practice Law Report, vol. 1 No.9, Oct 1993.Farley, Melissa, Ph.D. and Barkan, Howard, DrPH Prostitution, Violence Against Women, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Women Health, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 37-49. The Haworth Press, Inc. 1998.

Punishment as the Main Deterrent for Wrongdoing Assignment

Punishment as the Main Deterrent for Wrongdoing - Assignment Example I would therefore rather take Kant’s wider viewpoint, that a sense of right and wrong is derived from individual experience, which may or may not include punishment and/or the religious ideal.  I would therefore rather take Kant’s wider viewpoint, that a sense of right and wrong is derived from individual experience, which may or may not include punishment and/or the religious ideal.  3. I would not say the needs of either society or the individual outweigh the other, particularly in the current paradigm of human rights and the individual’s right to happiness and freedom.   Society should never be allowed to suppress the needs of the individual because this is in direct contradiction to the human rights paradigm favored by the democratic world today.   Although Jeremy Bentham’s philosophy of justifying decisions by the number of people benefiting from it makes scientific sense, I would rather agree with John Stuart Mill’s caution that majori ty rule could deprive many citizens of important rights.   Slavery appears to be a case in point.4. From the humanistic and altruistic point of view, economic resources should be owned and controlled by communities.   In this way, the resources can be shared among all those sharing a community, without factors such as greed ruling the economy.   On the other hand, Adam Smith believed that self-interest is an ideal economic principle that all should be free to pursue.   According to him, self-interest translates to overall economic well-being, as all business people were interested in delivering quality services and goods in return for fair remuneration.   Smith’s system of built-in checks and balances were to prevent an imbalance of wealth creation for only a few companies.   However, history has taught that this system is not strong enough to prevent extreme greed and monopoly that marks today’s economy.   The gap between the extremely rich and the extre mely poor is widening on a global scale, with a disproportionate amount of humanity using all the earth’s resources.   This sector of society deprives not only today’s poor of their right to life but also the generations to come.   From this point of view, I believe a sharing economy is better than one in which a monopoly is the main paradigm.

Ethics in Information Technology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethics in Information Technology - Case Study Example For this case analysis, we will be employing Reynolds' seven-step process (Reynolds). But we will be starting from the options and analyze them one by one. The plausible courses of action that we're going to analyze are: b. The government to directly pass a law prohibiting the uploading of files, videos, photos and anything by employees that tarnish the credibility of its current employers while prohibiting employers to use the internet as a basis for hiring. The cases mentioned can be simply summarized to the use of the internet specifically the social networking sites such as Face book, YouTube and MySpace to publish videos that have tarnished the credibility of the companies. Now the question is are employers justified in monitoring their employees' posts in the social networking sites and make decisions about hiring, disciplining and discharging based on these posts The stakeholders in this case are current employers, current employees, potential employees and potential employers. In the case of hiring, the people at stake are potential employers and employees. On the part of potential employers, this will give the much needed information more than what interviews and resumes can provide. Here the truth about the potential employee can be mined. Option #3 then would not be good. On the part of the employers this is like an invasion into their privacy and their personal life. Hiring on the basis of facts gathered from networking sites can then be negative. They would support option #3. On the issue of employers uploading files that ruin he credibility or salability of the employers and their products, there are two options. Either that the government makes a direct law against that would be observed in all institutions(Options#2) or they allow the employers to make their specific rules (option #1) regarding this. The employers would find option #1 more favorable while the employees would most probably be indifferent between the two, depending on the weight of the rules and the weight of the consequences. Considering the Consequences of Your Decision Option #1 would profoundly benefit the employers. It will help them design rules that specifically fit their situation. If the government allows them to make their own rules and gets approved by the government, it means that whatever decisions they have, it will be backed by the latter. Negative publicities that actually ruin both the employers and other employees will now be eliminated thus contributing to the common good. Option #2 will also benefit the employers although the rules set by the government may not suit their specific needs. Thus, employers are better off with Option #1. On both options, the employees will feel restricted or may even feel violated although those who really do not intend violate it will be indifferent. As to option #3, potential employees will greatly be benefitted as they will have the right not to disclose information about themselves to their employers.

Theories and Stages of Memory

Theories and Stages of Memory BATHSHEBA SHEMA BAGGAI 1.0  Introduction Our memory is part of being human. It is also an indicator that we experienced and lived to this day. Theoretically, according to Mastin (n.d.), memory is our ability to encode, store, retain and consequently recall information and past experiences in the human brain. In other words, past experiences influenced our present and future behavior. When the outcome is negative we tend not to repeat what caused it, but if the outcome is positive we do the opposite. For example, as you go to work, you use a certain road every time. However, that route is always experiencing traffic jams that cause you to be late for work. By chance, one day you used another smaller road and you found that it is less congested and thus you arrive earlier to work than usual. From that day onwards since the smaller road benefits you more you will use it more frequently. This means, you used your previous experience and act accordingly the next time you go through the same situation again. In this paper, we will discuss and delve into more about memory as a whole. We will first discuss on the stages of the Multi-store model of memory which was founded by two researchers, Richard Atkinson and Richard Shriffin. The next section consists of what Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory are and their differences. This second section is a direct continuity of Memory Stage which is in the first section. The last section of the contents is in a different direction altogether. It consists of my own conceptualization the functions of memory system in human interaction model The references for this paper are mainly research journals and also website articles. Since there are a number of them, they are put in the References section. 2.0  Stages of Multi-Store Model and Memory One of the most used memory models by psychologists and non-psychologists alike is the Multi-Store model by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). They describe memory in terms of information flowing through a system. There are three stages of learning and memory of the Multi-Store model. The three stages which are processes are called Encoding, Storage and Recall or Retrieval (McLeod, 2007). The first stage, which is also the most important stage in creating new memory is called Encoding. It is the process which allows the information collected to be transformed or converted into a form that can be stored within our brains to be recalled later on. The process of Encoding is done in four different ways which are: Acoustic, Visual, Semantic and Tactile Encoding (Mastin, n.d.). Acoustic Encoding is the encoding (remembering and understanding) of the sounds that you hear: especially the sounds of words. When you repeat information rhythmically it is considered as Acoustic Encoding. For instance, learning the â€Å"ABC†. The alphabets of the â€Å"ABC† are put into a song similar to the nursery rhyme song â€Å"Baa Baa Black Sheep†. Other than making the learning of ‘ABC’ more enjoyable, children will remember them faster. It is the same case for the learning of the multiplication timetable. When reciting multiplication timetable, many can recite â€Å"six times six equals to thirty-six† rhythmically. This is due to the fact that the sound of the number â€Å"six† was highlighted three times. When Acoustic Encoding is the encoding of sound, Visual Encoding is the encoding of image. Visual Encoding relates to visual sensory information which is stored within the iconic memory (temporarily) first and later transferred into the long-term storage (permanent). One of the vital elements in visual encoding is the amygdala, which is a complex structure of neurons. Visual input as well as other systems’ input are accepted in the amygdala where the conditioned stimuli are then encoded into positive or negative values. As an example, if you are shown a list of words for one second. You would find that you will be able to remember if there was a word which is written in different color, or if there was a word written in bold or underlined. Visually encoded information is very fleeting and we forget them easily. We remember better when the information is encoded acoustically. The next type of Encoding is Semantic Encoding. Semantic Encoding is the processing of meaning, especially of words, though not exclusively. Most of the time it works hand in hand with Visual Encoding. For instance, when someone says â€Å"animal, grey and large† you will build a mental image on what he/she are referring to which is most probably an elephant. The last of the them is Tactile Encoding. It is based on the encoding of feeling especially touch. In a nutshell, each of the types of Encoding(s) starts with stimulus which gives out impulses/signals (nerve) which later will be processed and encoded. Paying attention is important when our memory is to be properly encoded. Thus, not all stimuli will pass through our conscious awareness, instead some will be filtered out. After the Encoding Stage comes the Memory Stage. According to Atkinson and Shriffin’s (1968) â€Å"Memory Stage Model†, there are three distinct stages in the Memory Stage itself. They are Sensory Memory/Store, Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory. All three differ in terms of capacity, function and duration. Sensory Memory which is at times called Iconic Memory holds information only for a few seconds (brief storage information). For instance, while flipping through a magazine we see eye-catching wordings of an advertisement, but after flipping to next the page we cannot remember what was actually written. This stage implies that something perceptual takes place. A stimulus might already be gone but we may still perceive it after even for just a brief moment. The next two stages of the Memory Stage will be discussed it Section 2.0. .The information people received which is stored in sensory memory is just long enough to be transferred to short-term memory The last stage of the stages of learning and memory of the multi-store model is the Retrieval Stage/Memory Retrieval. It is a process of getting or recalling information from your Storage Memory. For instance, if you can remember what you bought yesterday, information is successfully recalled from your memory into your conscious mind. The process of Retrieval is stimulated by the Retrieval Cues that includes mood and associations. If one cannot retrieve an information the cause may simply be because they did not pay attention enough, thus only some were encoded in the memory or it might be something as serious as having an amnesia. Ultimately, the role of short-term memory is to file information for temporary usage. If it is not consolidated, it is discarded. This process of discarding is important to make room for learning and new memories. But once a memory is stored in the long-term memory bank, it is stored there forever. It may not feel like it is stored there forever. Sometimes, you may not be able to recall something that is stored in the long-term memory bank—nevertheless, it is there. Because once memory is stored, it is permanent. 3.0  Short Term Memory Versus Long Term Memory In Section 2.0, we have discussed about the Memory Stage with one of its memory store which is Sensory Motor. In this section, we will further delve into the Memory Stage by dicussing about the other two stores which are Short Term and Long term Memory and its differences in terms of their storage capacities and forgetting mechanisms. Short Term Memory (STM) has a limited storage capacity. Only about seven (plus or minus two) unrelated chunks of items can be held with a time duration of 20-30 seconds at once (Mohs, 2007). For example, remembering a phone number until it is keyed into a mobile phone. After a few seconds you might not remember the set of phone numbers anymore if no effort is made to retain them. However, by using memory strategies, we can somewhat increase our memory capacity. Take for instance a ten-digit number such as 9006783456 may be too long for the use of Short Term Memory. For the set of number to stay in your STM and long enough for you to key in your mobile phone is to break it into chunks like 900-678-3456. On the other hand, Long Term Memory (LTM) has an unlimited storage capacity for information. In Short Term Memory, information remains as long as we think about it and will be discarded once we stop. In LTM, information is permanently stored in human memory. To retain information in LTM, a relation should be made between the new information to the ones we already know. This process is known as coding as information. Short Term Memory lacks this coding process, thus information is fleeting. If an information is important enough in the STM, it will be transferred to LTM. If there is an effort in retaining information like repetitively going through the information again and again (reviewing) we can remember it permanently. The more repetition and reviewing of information is made, the brain makes more neuronal connections (stronger neural pathways). At the same time, between the two neurons, the synapses become stronger because of more frequent signals passed between them. It is also im portant to realize that for memory to be consolidated there should be no interference present. In addition, when it comes to consolidation of memory and learning, sleeping plays an important role for both of them. This is proven by the founding that during sleep, the genes of rats are more expressive. In the hippocampus, the displayed activities during spatial learning is replayed. The next aspect that would be highlighted is their forgetting mechanism. In both STM and LTM a loss of information can be experienced. However, their forgetting mechanism differs from one another (Walton, 2010). In STM, loss of information can happen when there is interference. Interference happens when old information interferes with the learning of the new information. This thus makes the stored information irretrievable. Besides the Intereference Theory, there is also the Decay Theory. Decay happens when information is gradually forgotten as time goes by. It is important to note that it is not because of the effects of replacement as the Interference Theory. In contrast, Long Term Memory, loss of information is due to retrieval failure and not loss of the information. When information is not encoded correctly, our Long Term Memory will discard it out of the system. However, our memory can retrieve information if the cue matches the cue present during encoding time on the condition that loss of information is not because of brain trauma from accidents or neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. 4.0  Concept Model of the Functions of Memory System in Human Interactions Diagram 1 Concept Model of the Functions of Memory System in Human Interactions There are many ways to conceptualize the functions of memory system in terms of human interactions. However, in the following is my own conceptualization of the mentioned topic. In my concept, the functions of memory (in human interactions) is divided into two: Social Function and also Experiential Learning (which are shown in Diagram 1). The first one that will discussed is Social Function. Good social environment is vital for strong social bonds which is necessary for our well-being; mentally as well as physically. According to Perry et al (2011), our memories are projected onto other people understand them better and to empathize their experiences. Our memory is constructive in nature where past experiences emerge together. In a certain way, this lets us to be in other people’s shoes; imagining what their experiences are like (Hassabis et al., 2013). Furthermore, this too promotes understanding and being more social. When we are experiencing the social world we must often recall, maintain, exploit and lastly update on the knowledge we have about others. People tend to react to certain social situations based on their prior experiences. According to Ciaramelli et al. (2013), we humans tend to empathize on people who are in the a similar situation that experienced in the past. However, these are in exception of amnesiacs. They do not maintain social bonds like other normal people. They too tend to have a smaller social circle. According to Beadle et al. (2013), Adult-onset hippocampal patients who suffers from amnesia are reported to have lower levels of understanding and no increase in prosocial behaviours. Besides Social Function, there is Experiential Learning. Both of these do overlap with each other, but they differ in settings. Experiential learning is more to workplace human interaction while Social is more to less professional relationships. Experiential Learning, in general is the process of learning through experience that we store in our memory. Since the dawn of time, humankind has gone through various trials and tribulations. We are what we are today because from our ancestors up to us in the present time learn to not repeat our mistakes, but vice versa when it comes to something positive. However, how can Experiential Learning relate to human interactions? Learning through experience is often used in workplaces. Let us take soccer players as an example. During practice sessions the team members will learn and practice the strategies of blocking, getting, passing the ball and catching it. However, the most important aspect they will practice on is teamwork because soccer is not a one man show. Coaches will see their individual talents and blend all them together to create a powerful team. One player’s talent may complement another player’s so they need to function together collectively. These practice sessions act as a simulator of the real game. By the time the players are joining in a real game, they would already have enough experience to ‘read’ their teammates present and next move which is crucial to score a point. This is similar in the corporate world. Members of a team need to develop a composite image of itself through discussions that develops the capacity to reflect their experiences. These discussions will pin-point the differences of experiences in team members that will then be blended together (Adams Kayes, 2010). According to Baker, Jensen Kolb (2002), â€Å"Members need to respect and be receptive to differing points of view; to take time to reflect on consequences of action and the big picture; and to desire growth and development.†As time goes on, even negative factors associated with teamwork can be overcome when teams become able to learn from experience. 5.0  Conclusion In summary, we have gone through the three stages of learning and memory of the multi-store model. These processes are called Encoding, Storage and Recall or Retrieval. Encoding which is an information procession into our memory is further broken down to different types of ways to encode which are Acoustic, Visual, Semantic and Tactile Encoding. In addition to those, Storage stage is where we store information in our memory and Retrieval is process of recalling them back to conscious mind. Besides Sensory Memory in our Storage, the other two which are Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory is explained in the next section. We have discussed how different they are in terms of storage capacities and forgetting mechanisms Short Term Memory has limited amount of storage capacity as compared to Long Term Learning which is unlimited. Their forgetting mechanisms, in other words loss of information also differ with STM due to loss of information and LTM due to retrieval failure. My conceptualization model of functions of memory system in terms of human interactions is divided into two which are Social Function and also Experiential Learning. They differ only in social settings and they overlap greatly with one another. In conclusion, in my opinion, we barely scratched the surface of our knowledge on human memory. I believe there is more to learn and discover than Atkinson’s and Shriffin’s Multi-Store model. With that being said, I hope researchers continue the journey in knowing how our memory truly works. Knowing how memory works is one step closer to knowing how the human mind works and consequently how humans work are as a whole. REFERENCES Adams, A., Kayes, D. (2010). Experiential Learning In Teams. Simulation Gaming, 330-354. Retrieved from http://learningfromexperience.com/media/2010/08/experiential-learning-in-teams.pdf Atkinson, R.C.; Shiffrin, R.M. (1968). Chapter: Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In Spence, K.W.; Spence, J.T. The psychology of learning and motivation (Volume 2). New York: Academic Press. pp. 89–195 Beadle J. N., Tranel D., Cohen N. J., Duff M. C. (2013). Empathy in hippocampal amnesia. Front. Psychol. 4:69 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00069 Ciaramelli E., Bernardi F., Moscovitch M. (2013). Individualized Theory of Mind (iToM): when memory modulates empathy. Front. Psychol. 4:4 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00004 Hassabis D., Spreng R. N., Rusu A. A., Robbins C. A., Mar R. A., Schacter D. L. (2013). Imagine all the people: how the brain creates and uses personality models to predict behavior. Cereb. Cortex. [Epub ahead of print]. 10.1093/cercor/bht042 Mastin, L. (n.d.). What Is Memory? The Human Memory. Retrieved from http://www.human-memory.net/intro_what.html McLeod, S. A. (2007). Multi Store Model of Memory Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/multi-store.html McLeod, S. A. (2007). Stages of Memory Encoding Storage and Retrieval. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/memory.html Mohs, R. (2007, May 8). How Human Memory Works. Retrieved from http://science.howstuffworks.com/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/human-memory.htm Perry D., Hendler T., Shamay-Tsoory S. G. (2011). Projecting memories: the role of the hippocampus in emotional mentalizing. Neuroimage 54, 1669–1676 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.08.057 Walton, J. E. (2010, June 15). Long-term vs. Short-term Memory How to Maximize Both. Retrieved from http://thelatherapist.blogspot.com/2010/06/long-term-vs-short-term-memory-how-to.html

Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block Health And Social Care Essay

The brachial rete is a complex agreement of nervus fibers arising from the spinal column via the ventral rami of the 5th cervical to the first thoracic nervus roots. It proceeds through the cervix, armpit and into the arm where it terminates into single peripheral nervousnesss most notably average, radial, ulnar and musculocutaneous nervousnesss. These nervousnesss contribute motor and centripetal nervus supply to the upper limb. Barricading these nervousnesss near to their beginning between the cervix and the axilla is called brachial rete block. Supraclavicular block is used to providesurgical anesthesia and postoperative analgesia forthe upper limb operations. The brachial rete traditionally performed via interscalene, supraclavicular, infraclavicular and alar attacks with clinically of import advantages and disadvantages of each. The supraclavicular attack is popular for surgery affecting the manus to the elbow,1 and the brachial rete can be easy visualized by puting an ultrasound investigation at the base of the cervix merely above the collarbone. Ultrasound is used routinely for supraclavicular brachial rete blocks forsurgery affecting the manus, forearm or the cubitus. Surveies have shown that ultrasound improves the efficaciousness and safety and clip to execute the the block.2,3,4 With the blessing of the Local Ethics Committee, a prospective survey will be conducted in up to 40 ASA I, II or III patients of either sex undergoing elected upper limb surgery. A verbal account of the test, patient information sheet will be provided by the attention ( clinical/medical ) staff for the patient to see which will be about 6 hebdomads before the twenty-four hours of surgery. This will include elaborate information about the principle, design and personal deductions of the survey. When the patients will be admitted to the infirmary, they will be approached by one of the research workers farther information and account for any inquiries to assist them take an informed determination on engagement or non-participation into the trial.Following information proviso, patients will hold at least 24 hours to see engagement and will be given the chance to discourse the test with their household and health care professionals before they are asked whether they would be willing to ta ke portion in the test. The chief research worker or the co-investigator will accept the patients. All are qualified by experience and educational course of study as an anesthetic physician to take the consent for this in their everyday pattern. Assenting patients will so be officially assessed for eligibility and invited to supply informed, written consent. The right of the patient to decline consent without giving grounds will be respected. Further, the patient will stay free to retreat from the survey at any clip without giving grounds and without prejudicing any farther intervention. A transcript of the consent will be given to the patient, one filed in the Trial Master File, one filed in the infirmary notes and a 4th transcript sent to the Sponsor. For the supraclavicular block, the brachial rete will be visualized utilizing a Sonosite Titan ultrasound machine with 10MHz additive investigation. The overlying tegument will be infiltrated with 1 % lignocaine and a nervus block acerate leaf passed under ultrasound counsel so that its tip lies next to the brachial rete. After negative aspiration on the needle the survey dosage of bupivacaine will be injected. This will be done under ultrasound visual image to guarantee right location of the acerate leaf is maintained. Bupivacaine will be prepared newly for each patient. Efficacy will be assessed at 15-minute intervals for up to 45 proceedingss at the centripetal dermatomes of the average, ulnar, radial and musculocutaneous nervousnesss in the upper limb to cold utilizing an intoxicant swab ( i.e at 15, 30 and 45 proceedingss after the injection is finished ) . Failure to accomplish loss of cold esthesis with intoxicant swab at all four of the centripetal dermatomes of the average, ulnar, radial and musculocutaneous nervousnesss in the upper limb after 45 proceedingss will be considered uneffective block. This will be considered as the terminal of the survey for the participant and repetition injection utilizing 5 to 10 milliliters of local anesthetic will be done under ultrasound counsel. This will non ache because the local anesthesia of the overlying tegument from the old injection normally lasts more than 2 hours. The following patient will so have a dosage based on the CRM. The block will be assessed by the co-investigator who will non be present during the behavior of the block and hence will be wholly blind to the dosage used. The topics will non be cognizant of the dosage of the local anesthetic used. The survey is therefore double blinded since the topic the research worker and the assessor are blinded to the dosage of the local anesthetic used. The blinding of the survey will take the prejudice that may be at that place if the individual executing the block assesses the block every bit good.Statistical considerations & A ; power analysisPersonal and surgical inside informations will be collected and the informations will be presented as average ( interquartile and scope ) or per centum as appropriate. The minimum effectual dosage ( MED95 ) will be estimated utilizing CRM. Our confederates, Dr Sylvie Chevret and Dr Sarah Zohar will supply the statistical expertness for the current test. These confederates are experts in the field of CRM and have advised that a sample size of 40 patients is sufficient in theory to supply an reply to the inquiry of ED95. The design of this dose-finding, double-blind survey was chosen in order to measure the dose-response relationship of bupivacaine for supraclavicular brachial rete block utilizing ultrasound. The CRM ( Oaa‚ ¬a„?Quigley et al 1990 ) 6 utilizing a alteration in order to command outliers observations ( Resche-Rigon et al. 2008 ) 7 will be used in order to find the minimum effectual dosage ( MED ) of Bupivacaine for supraclavicular brachial rete block of 95 % of patients. The CRM is consecutive Bayesian method based on a one-parameter theoretical account, which aims at gauging the percentile of dose-response among thousand distinct dose degrees di ( i=1, †¦ ,5 ) . Each one of the six dosage degrees was randomly associated by the research worker ( harmonizing to his/her personal experience and available informations in the literature at the clip of induction of the test ) with the following prior estimated success chance, 0.5, 0.75, 0.90, 0.95, 0.98 and 0.99 for the 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 27 volume integrity dose severally. Then, a one-parameter power theoretical account will be used to suit the dose-response curve, with an exponential anterior distribution ( with mean = 1 ) for the theoretical account parametric quantity. The posterior response chance of each dose degree will be re-estimated after each new inclusion of cohort patients ( 2 patients per cohort ) ( see following page ) . The allocated dosage to each new cohort of patients was the dose degree with the updated posterior response chance closest to 0.95. In the present survey, the first cohort of patients will have a lading dosage of 21 volume units with the anterior success chance closest to the mark ( 0.95 ) . The MED is defined as the dose degree among the six chosen dose that had a concluding response chance closest to the mark. The determination to stop the survey was based on halting standards, in order to observe whether all doses were likely to be inefficient or a suited appraisal of the MED has been reached ( Zohar and Chevret 2001 ) .8

Doritos Superbowl Commercial

Jadah Barber Dr. Patricia  Leaf-Prince Section 08 9/10/12 SLAP â€Å"Keep your hands off my mama, keep your hands off my Doritos!!! † This was the phrase that sent millions into a roaring laugh during the 2010 Superbowl Doritos commercial. This commercial says a lot about Doritos, considering the little boy holds them to the standard of his own mother implies that his love for them is just the same as the love he has for his mother. In many was this commercial was effective.One way was showing the little boy picking a fight with someone who is clearly bigger and stronger than him, another was the love the boy had for his Doritos made me feel like I just had to have some just to see if I feel the same way. Lastly the young boys emotion towards the man conveyed a sense of anger and seriousness implying that, at that very moment there was absolutely nothing more serious that a strange man in his house eating his Doritos. The commercial starts and we see an African American male knocking on a door with flowers, an African American female comes to the door and takes the flowers.Here we see they are obviously about to go out on a date. When the little boy is first introduced to the commercial he is seen with a look of anger. He drops his game controller to show the viewer that he is in fact mad about something. The man picks up a Dorito and starts talking to the boy. Here the man is just trying to be nice but the little boy gets mad, slaps the man and tells him to keep his hands off of his mama and his Doritos. The slap was unexpected, humorous and effective all at the sane time.While all of this was going on, the thought that flew through my head was â€Å"what was so good about these Doritos that it made a little boy want to slap a grown man and tell him to keep his hands off? † We see in commercial that the love he has for his mother is the same love he has for his Doritos. We know this because he phrases his words In such a way that he puts his mo ther and his Doritos on the same level. The commercial is implying that Doritos are so good they would make you slap someone if they tried to take any from you at any time.The young boy was mad at the man the whole commercial. From the moment the boy first entered the commercial he was angry for some reason. He never once took his eye off the older man, he wanted to keep staring just to make it a point that he was in fact mad. In the beginning he was mad that this man was coming in to take his mother out but the slap only came in when the man put his hands in the Doritos bowl sitting in the middle of the table. This commercial was effective.It made the viewer feel like â€Å"If the Doritos were that important to him they must be really good. † Every feeling the this commercial was trying to display was felt through the TV screen. A serous moment for a little boy and his Doritos became a hilarious commercial for Superbowl millions of viewers Work Cited for Commercial on Web â €Å"Doritos Superbowl Commercial: Keep your hands off my mama & Doritos. † Commercial. You Tube. 7 Feb. 2010 28 Sept. 2012. <http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=kJDLws_l3Ok>

Different types of port ownership and administrative regimes Free Essay Example, 2500 words

The port of Holyhead in Wales is an example of a company-owned or private port. It is wholly-owned by Sealink, handling about two million passengers annually with services operated from Holyhead by B&I Line to Dublin and Sealink (or Stena Link) to Dun Laoghaire. (Hooydonk 2003, p. 43) Sealink operates the port and its facilities and have often implemented policies that benefit the company’s ferry operations. The port authorities of Rotterdam, is an example of a municipal administration for which an elected government representative overseas the port administration. The city government is responsible for the port strategy including an investment programme, among other efforts. W. G. Salet, Anton Kreukels, and Andy Thornley (2003) explained this in detail: The Rotterdam port and port economy in circles of the national government made it possible to take a number of necessary measures and to safeguard the smooth functioning of this world port. The most important factor here seems to be the continuing solid association of the harbour barons and captains of the port with each other and with the strong municipal authority. (p. 195) The strong municipal government involvement in Rotterdam port administration stems from the fact that the city’s economy is closely tied to the health of the port. We will write a custom essay sample on Different types of port ownership and administrative regimes or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Unlike Amsterdam, Rotterdam is incapable of attaining sufficient economic strength and of attracting other economic activities apart from those related to the seaport during this last 10-15 years. This is expressed in the ongoing outmigration of people and businesses to other regions since 1980s due to the weakening activities in the Rotterdam port, particularly in its shipbuilding industry. (Salet, Kreukels and Thornley, p. 195) State Ports The common concession that the coastal state should be accorded exclusive authority to prescribe policy and administration of a specific port is based on the principle that the state has a clearly predominant interest in the facility. (MacDougal and Burke 1987, p. 156) State ports follow a central port administration such as those in Southern Europe and much of South America wherein the national government controls all main ports or that various layers of it act as partners in the administration of ports. This is also the case in most ports in the United States. While there is no centralized ports administration, various levels of federal, state and local administration are in place. Control and ownership is normally vested in three levels: central or national (e. g.